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PRINT
Abbreviation:
TYPE: Statement
FORMAT: PRINT [<variable>][<,/;><variable>]...
Action: The PRINT statement is normally used to write data items
to the screen. However, the CMD statement may be used to re-direct
that output to any other device in the system. The <variable(s)>
in the output-list are expressions of any type. If no output-list
is present, a blank line is printed. The position of each printed
item is determined by the punctuation used to separate items in
the output-list.
The punctuation characters that you can use are blanks, commas,
or semicolons. The 80-character logical screen line is divided
into 8 print zones of 10 spaces each. In the list of expressions,
a comma causes the next value to be printed at the beginning of
the next zone. A semicolon causes the next value to be printed
immediately following the previous value. However, there are two
exceptions to this rule:
1) Numeric items are followed by an added space.
2) Positive numbers have a space preceding them.
When you use blanks or no punctuation between string constants
or variable names it has the same effect as a semicolon. However,
blanks between a string and a numeric item or between two numeric
items will stop output without printing the second item.
If a comma or a semicolon is at the end of the output-list,
the next PRINT statement begins printing on the same line, and
spaced accordingly. If no punctuation finishes the list, a carriage-return
and a line-feed are printed at the end of the data. The next PRINT
statement will begin on the next line. If your output is directed
to the screen and the data printed is longer than 40 columns,
the output is continued on the next screen line.
There is no statement in BASIC with more variety than the PRINT
statement. There are so many symbols, functions, and parameters
associated with this statement that it might almost be considered
as a language of its own within BASIC; a language specially designed
for writing on the screen.
EXAMPLES of PRINT Statement:
| 1) |
5 X = 5
10 PRINT -5*X,X-5,X+5,X^5
-25 0 10 3125
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| 2) |
5 X=9
10 PRINT X;"SQUARED IS";X*X;"AND";
20 PRINT X "CUBED IS" X^3
9 SQUARED IS 81 AND 9 CUBED IS 729
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| 3) |
90 AA$="ALPHA":BB$="BAKER":CC$="CHARLIE":DD$="DOG":EE$="ECHO"
100 PRINT AA$BB$;CC$ DD$,EE$
ALPHABAKERCHARLIEDOG ECHO
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Quote Mode
Once the quote mark <SHIFT+2> is typed, the cursor controls
stop operating and start displaying reversed characters which
actually stand for the cursor control you are hitting. This allows
you to program these cursor controls, because once the text inside
the quotes is PRINTed they perform their functions. The <INST/DEL>
key is the only cursor control not affected by "quote mode."
1. Cursor Movement
The cursor controls which can be "programmed" in quote
mode are:
Function
|
KEY
|
APPEARS AS
|
Move Cursor Home
|
<CLR/HOME>
|
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Clear Screen
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<SHIFT+CLR/HOME>
|
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Move Cursor Down
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<CRSR UP/DOWN>
|
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Move Cursor Up
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<SHIFT+CRSR UP/DOWN>
|
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Move Cursor Right
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<CRSR LEFT/RIGHT>
|
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Move Cursor Left
|
<SHIFT+CRSR LEFT/RIGHT>
|
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If you wanted the word HELLO to PRINT diagonally from the upper
left corner of the screen, you would type:
PRINT"<HOME>H<DOWN>E<DOWN>L<DOWN>L<DOWN>O"
2. Reverse Characters
Holding down the <CTRL> key and hitting <9> will cause
<R> to appear inside the quotes. This will make all characters
start printing in reverse video (like a negative of a picture).
To end the reverse printing hit <CTRL+0>, or else PRINT
a <RETURN> (CHR$(13)). (Just ending the PRINT statement
without a semicolon or comma will take care of this.)
3. Color Controls
Holding down the <CTRL> key or <C=> key with any of
the 8 color keys will make a special reversed character appear
in the quotes. When the character is PRINTed, then the color change
will occur.
COLOR
|
KEY
|
APPEARS AS |
Black
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<CTRL+1>
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White
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<CTRL+2>
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Red
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<CTRL+3>
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Cyan
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<CTRL+4>
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Purple
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<CTRL+5>
|
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Green
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<CTRL+6>
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Blue
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<CTRL+7>
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Yellow
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<CTRL+8>
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Orange
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<C=+1>
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Brown
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<C=+2>
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Light Red
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<C=+3>
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Grey 1
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<C=+4>
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Grey 2
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<C=+5>
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Light Green
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<C=+6>
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Light Blue
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<C=+7>
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Grey 3
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<C=+8>
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If you wanted to PRINT the word HELLO in cyan
and the word THERE in white, type:
PRINT "<CTRL+4>HELLO <CTRL+2>THERE"
4. Insert Mode
The spaces created by using the <INST/DEL> key have some
of the same characteristics as quote mode. The cursor controls
and color controls show up as reversed characters. The only difference
is in the <INST> and <DEL>, which performs its normal
function even in quote mode, now creates the <T>. And <INST>,
which created a special character in quote mode, inserts spaces
normally.
Because of this, it is possible to create a PRINT statement
containing DELetes, which cannot be PRINTed in quote mode. Here
is an example of how this is done:
10 PRINT"HELLO"<DEL><INST><INST><DEL><DEL>P"
When the above line is RUN, the word displayed will be HELP,
because the last two letters are deleted and the P is put in their
place.
WARNING: The DELetes will work when LISTing
as well as PRINTing, so editing a line with these characters will
be difficult.
The "insert mode" condition is ended when the <RETURN>
(or <SHIFT+RETURN>) key is hit, or when as many characters
have been typed as spaces were inserted.
5. Other Special Characters
There are some other characters that can be PRINTed for special
functions, although they are not easily available from the keyboard.
In order to get these into quotes, you must leave empty spaces
for them in the line, hit <RETURN> or <SHIFT+RETURN>,
and go back to the spaces with the cursor controls. Now you must
hit <RVS ON>, to start typing reversed characters, and type
the keys shown below:
Function
|
Type |
Appears As |
<SHIFT+RETURN>
|
<SHIFT+M> |
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switch to lower case
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<N> |
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switch to upper case
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<SHIFT+N> |
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disable case-switching keys
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<H> |
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enable case-switching keys
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<I> |
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The <SHIFT+RETURN> will work in the LISTing as well as
PRINTing, so editing will be almost impossible if this character
is used. The LISTing will also look very strange.
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